INSTALLATION NOTES for OpenBSD/luna88k 5.5
What is OpenBSD?
----------------
OpenBSD is a fully functional, multi-platform UN*X-like Operating
System based on Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2) and 4.4BSD-Lite.
There are several operating systems in this family, but OpenBSD
differentiates itself by putting security and correctness first. The
OpenBSD team strives to achieve what is called a 'secure by default'
status. This means that an OpenBSD user should feel safe that their
newly installed machine will not be compromised. This 'secure by
default' goal is achieved by taking a proactive stance on security.
Since security flaws are essentially mistakes in design or implement-
ation, the OpenBSD team puts as much importance on finding and fixing
existing design flaws and implementation bugs as it does writing new
code. This means that an OpenBSD system will not only be more secure,
but it will be more stable. The source code for all critical system
components has been checked for remote-access, local-access, denial-
of-service, data destruction, and information-gathering problems.
In addition to bug fixing, OpenBSD has integrated strong cryptography
into the base system. A fully functional IPsec implementation is
provided as well as support for common protocols such as SSL and SSH.
Network filtering and monitoring tools such as packet filtering, NAT,
and bridging are also standard, as well as several routing services,
such as BGP and OSPF. For high performance demands, support for
hardware cryptography has also been added to the base system. Because
security is often seen as a tradeoff with usability, OpenBSD provides
as many security options as possible to allow the user to enjoy secure
computing without feeling burdened by it.
Because OpenBSD is from Canada, the export of Cryptography pieces
(such as OpenSSH, IPsec, and Kerberos) to the world is not restricted.
(NOTE: OpenBSD can not be re-exported from the US once it has entered
the US. Because of this, take care NOT to get the distribution from
an FTP server in the US if you are outside of Canada and the US.)
A comprehensive list of the improvements brought by the 5.5 release
is available on the web at http://www.OpenBSD.org/55.html.
OpenBSD/luna88k runs on the OMRON Luna-88K family of workstations.
Sources of OpenBSD:
-------------------
Please refer to http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html for all the ways you may
acquire OpenBSD.
OpenBSD 5.5 Release Contents:
-----------------------------
The OpenBSD 5.5 release is organized in the following way. In the
.../5.5 directory, for each of the architectures having an OpenBSD 5.5
binary distribution, there is a sub-directory.
The luna88k-specific portion of the OpenBSD 5.5 release is found in the
"luna88k" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is laid
out as follows:
.../5.5/luna88k/
INSTALL.luna88k Installation notes; this file.
SHA256 Output of the sum(1) program using the option
-a sha256, usable for verification of the
correctness of downloaded files.
SHA256.sig The above file, signed with the OpenBSD signing key
for the 5.5 release, usable for verification of the
integrity of the above file, and thus of the
downloaded files.
miniroot55.fs A miniroot filesystem image to be used if you
for some reason can't or don't want to use the
ramdisk installation method.
It can be copied to the swap partition of an existing
UniOS or OpenBSD installation, or to the beginning of
a disk, to allow installing or upgrading to OpenBSD
5.5.
*.tgz luna88k binary distribution sets; see below.
bsd A stock GENERIC luna88k kernel which will be
installed on your system during the install.
bsd.mp A stock GENERIC.MP luna88k kernel, with support for
multiprocessor machines, which can be used instead
of the GENERIC kernel after the install.
bsd.rd A compressed RAMDISK kernel; the embedded
filesystem contains the installation tools.
Used for simple installation from a pre-existing
system.
boot The OpenBSD/luna88k boot block.
The OpenBSD/luna88k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which
comprise the OpenBSD 5.5 release for luna88k systems. There are ten
binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in
the "luna88k" subdirectory of the OpenBSD 5.5 distribution tree,
and are as follows:
base55 The OpenBSD/luna88k 5.5 base binary distribution. You MUST
install this distribution set. It contains the base OpenBSD
utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be
minimally functional.
It includes shared library support, and excludes everything
described below.
[ 61.5 MB gzipped, 176.3 MB uncompressed ]
comp55 The OpenBSD/luna88k Compiler tools. All of the tools relating
to C, C++ and Objective-C are supported. This set includes
the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the
compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries
(except the shared libraries, which are included as part of
the base set).
This set also includes the manual pages for all of the
utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library
manual pages.
[ 88.7 MB gzipped, 247.8 MB uncompressed ]
etc55 This distribution set contains the system configuration
files that reside in /etc and in several other places.
This set MUST be installed if you are installing the
system from scratch, but should NOT be used if you are
upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that
you get a copy of this set and CAREFULLY upgrade your
configuration files by hand; see the section named
"Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System" below.)
[ 514.3 KB gzipped, 1.6 MB uncompressed ]
game55 This set includes the games and their manual pages.
[ 2.5 MB gzipped, 5.7 MB uncompressed ]
man55 This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries
and other software contained in the base set.
Note that it does not include any of the manual pages
that are included in the other sets.
[ 9.4 MB gzipped, 36.5 MB uncompressed ]
xbase55 This set includes the base X distribution. This includes
programs, headers and libraries.
[ 11.6 MB gzipped, 30.2 MB uncompressed ]
xetc55 This set includes the X window system configuration files
that reside in /etc. It's the equivalent of etc55 for X.
[ 63.4 KB gzipped, 266.1 KB uncompressed ]
xfont55 This set includes all of the X fonts.
[ 38.0 MB gzipped, 49.7 MB uncompressed ]
xserv55 This set includes all of the X servers.
[ 3.2 MB gzipped, 8.2 MB uncompressed ]
xshare55 This set includes all text files equivalent between all
architectures.
[ 4.2 MB gzipped, 23.2 MB uncompressed ]
OpenBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices:
--------------------------------------------------
OpenBSD/luna88k 5.5 runs on the OMRON Luna-88K workstations family.
16MB of RAM should be sufficient to boot and a minimal system can probably
be squeezed onto a 250MB disk by installing only the `base' and `etc' sets.
However, a minimum of 32MB is recommended for serious usage of the system.
Supported devices:
On-board console serial port (siotty)
On-board LANCE Ethernet interface (le)
On-board SCSI controllers (spc)
LCD display on front panel (lcd)
Keyboard, mouse and frame buffer (suitable as a console too)
Getting the OpenBSD System onto Useful Media:
---------------------------------------------
Installation is supported from several media types, including:
CD-ROM
FFS partitions
Tape
Remote NFS partition
FTP
HTTP
The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation
depend on which method of installation you choose. Some methods
require a bit of setup first that is explained below.
The installation allows installing OpenBSD directly from FTP mirror
sites over the internet, however you must consider the speed and
reliability of your internet connection for this option. It may save
much time and frustration to use ftp get/reget to transfer the
distribution sets to a local server or disk and perform the installation
from there, rather than directly from the internet.
The variety of options listed may seem confusing, but situations vary
widely in terms of what peripherals and what sort of network arrangements
a user has, the intent is to provide some way that will be practical.
Creating an installation tape:
While you won't be able to boot OpenBSD from a tape, you can use
one to provide the installation sets. To do so, you need to make
a tape that contains the distribution set files, each in "tar"
format or in "gzipped tar format". First you will need to
transfer the distribution sets to your local system, using ftp or
by mounting the CD-ROM containing the release. Then you need to
make a tape containing the files.
If you're making the tape on a UN*X-like system, the easiest way
to do so is make a shell script along the following lines, call it
"/tmp/maketape".
#! /bin/sh
TAPE=${TAPE:-/dev/nrst0}
mt -f ${TAPE} rewind
for file in base etc comp game man xbase xetc xfont xshare
do
dd if=${file}55.tgz of=${TAPE} obs=8k conv=osync
done
tar cf ${TAPE} bsd
mt -f ${TAPE} offline
# end of script
And then:
cd .../5.5/luna88k
sh -x /tmp/maketape
If you're using a system other than OpenBSD, the tape
name and other requirements may change. You can override the
default device name (/dev/nrst0) with the TAPE environment
variable. For example, under Solaris, you would probably run:
TAPE=/dev/rmt/0n sh -x /tmp/maketape
Note that, when installing, the tape can be write-protected
(i.e. read-only).
To install OpenBSD using a remote partition, mounted via
NFS, you must do the following:
NOTE: This method of installation is recommended only for
those already familiar with using BSD network
configuration and management commands. If you aren't,
this documentation should help, but is not intended to
be all-encompassing.
Place the OpenBSD distribution sets you wish to install
into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory
mountable by the machine on which you are installing or
upgrading OpenBSD. This will probably require modifying
the /etc/exports file of the NFS server and resetting
its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will
probably require superuser privileges on the server.)
You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS
server, and, if the server is not on a network directly
connected to the machine on which you're installing or
upgrading OpenBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address
of the router closest to the OpenBSD machine. Finally,
you need to know the numeric IP address of the OpenBSD
machine itself.
Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the
information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next
step in the installation or upgrade process.
If you are upgrading OpenBSD, you also have the option of installing
OpenBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your
existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, do
the following:
Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere
in your current file system tree. At a bare minimum, you
must upgrade the "base" binary distribution, and so must
put the "base55" set somewhere in your file system. It
is recommended that you upgrade the other sets, as well.
Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation:
-----------------------------------------------
Luna-88K do not require any specific preparation prior to the OpenBSD
installation. However, you might want to get familiar with the PROM
interface, in order to be able to boot the installation media and, later,
specify the correct boot parameters.
Setting up the boot device and filename:
Boot device and filename information is stored by the PROM into
the machine's non-volatile memory.
LUNA88K systems can only boot from SCSI devices. The boot device type
(either ``sd'' for a disk or ``st'' for a tape) is specified by the
``boot_device'' variable. The SCSI id of the boot device is specified
by the ``boot_unit'' NVRAM variable, and the boot partition on said
device is specified by the ``boot_partition'' variable. The
``boot_filename'' variable stores the name of the file to boot, and
defaults to ``vmunix''. To boot OpenBSD, this variable should be
changed to ``boot'', as in:
0> nvram boot_filename boot
The ``boot_unit'' value is an encoding of the device SCSI identifier.
If the boot device is an SCSI disk (``sd''), the value of ``boot_unit''
should be (6 - ID). On LUNA88K-2 systems, if the boot device is connected
to the external SCSI connector, 10 should be added to the value of
``boot_unit''. Thus booting off an external SCSI disk of ID #0 would
be 16 on a LUNA88K-2, and 6 on a LUNA88K.
Setting up the boot behaviour:
Unlike other platforms, boot behaviour is controlled by the front panel
DIP switches only.
The first set of DIP switches in the front panel (DIP SW1) is used to
select the machine behaviour upon powerup, as well as the preferred
console device.
The meaning of these switches will depend upon your particular machine.
On the LUNA88K, the 'down' position is 'on', and the 'up' position is
'off', while the LUNA88K-2 uses the opposite convention (i.e. 'up' is
'on' and 'down' is 'off').
If the leftmost switch in SW1, #1, is in the 'off' position, the system
will auto-boot from the boot device saved in NVRAM (using the
``boot_device'', ``boot_unit'' and ``boot_filename'' variables). Otherwise,
the boot process will stop at the PROM prompt.
Setting up serial console:
The second switch in SW1, #2, selects the console device. When in the 'on'
position, it selects the serial console port as the console; otherwise,
the graphics display and keyboard are used as the console.
While the LUNA88K-2 uses ``standard'' DB9 serial ports, the earlier
LUNA88K have a specific connector, HiRose QM10-14R(L)-PR. Wiring
information for this connector can be found at the following URL:
http://www.kk.iij4u.or.jp/~taokamur/luna68k/serial.jpg
A suitable cable connector for this port would be either HiRose
QM30-14PA-EP with a QM14-CS cover (with lock), or QM30-14P-EP with a
QM14-CY cover (without lock).
Installing the OpenBSD System:
------------------------------
Installing OpenBSD is a relatively simple process. If you take your time
and are careful to read the information presented by the installer, you
shouldn't have any trouble.
There are several ways to install OpenBSD onto a disk. The easiest way
in terms of preliminary setup is to use the OpenBSD miniroot that can be
booted off your local disk's swap partition. Alternatively, you can
use the OpenBSD bootblocks and the ramdisk kernel, bsd.rd, copied to an
existing UniOS partition.
Booting from the Installation Media:
Prior to attempting an installation, everything of value on the target
system should be backed up. While installing OpenBSD does not necessarily
wipe out all the partitions on the hard disk, errors during the install
process can have unforeseen consequences and will probably leave the system
unbootable if the installation process is not completed. Availability
of the installation media for the prior installation, such as a Luna-88K
UniOS tape, is always a good insurance, should it be necessary to "go back"
for some reason.
After taking care of all that, the system should be brought down gracefully
using the shutdown(8) and/or halt(8) commands, which will eventually go
back to the PROM prompt. Remember that the leftmost switch from the front
panel DIP switch #1 must be down to access the PROM prompt.
Booting from an existing partition:
Copy the OpenBSD/luna88k boot loader on one of the first 8 partitions
(a-h). Copy the installation kernel (bsd.rd) to the same partition.
At the PROM prompt, enter
b sd(n,p) boot
to boot the OpenBSD bootloader from the specified disk and partition.
Replace 'p' with the partition number (usually 0, for the 'a' partition),
and 'n' with the appropriate number from the following table:
disk drive SCSI ID: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
value of 'n': 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
On LUNA88K-2 systems, if the disk drive is connected to the external SCSI
controller, add 10 to this number. For example, to boot from a disk drive
with ID #0 connected to the external controller, enter:
b sd(10,0)boot
Once the OpenBSD bootloader starts, press any key to stop the countdown
if the ``boot>'' prompt does not appear.
Then, boot the installation kernel from the same partition:
boot sd(n,p)bsd.rd
Booting from the miniroot:
Copy the OpenBSD/luna88k miniroot to the swap partition (assuming your
disk is sd0):
dd if=miniroot55.fs of=/dev/sd0b
After halting the system, at the PROM prompt, enter
b sd(n,1)
to boot the OpenBSD bootloader from the swap partition.
Once the OpenBSD bootloader starts, press any key to stop the countdown
if the ``boot>'' prompt does not appear.
Then, boot the installation kernel from the same partition:
boot sd(n,1)
Installing the system:
You should now be ready to install OpenBSD.
The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting
OpenBSD installed on your hard disk.
The installation procedure is designed to gather as much information about
your system setup as possible at the beginning, so that no human interaction
is required as soon as the questions are over.
The order of these questions might be quite disconcerting if you are used to
other installation procedures, including older OpenBSD versions.
If any question has a default answer, it will be displayed in brackets ("[]")
after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit
Control-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation
process again from scratch. Using Control-Z to suspend the process may be a
better option, or at any prompt enter `!' to get a shell, from which 'exit'
will return you back to that prompt (no refresh of the prompt will occur,
though).
Boot your machine from the installation media as described above.
It will take a while to load the kernel especially from a slow
network connection, most likely more than a minute. If some action
doesn't eventually happen, or the spinning cursor has stopped and
nothing further has happened, either your boot media is bad, your
diskless setup isn't correct, or you may have a hardware or
configuration problem.
Once the kernel has loaded, you will be presented with the
OpenBSD kernel boot messages which contain information about
the hardware that was detected and supported by OpenBSD.
After the kernel is done initialising, you will be asked whether
you wish to do an "(A)utoinstall", "(I)nstall" or an "(U)pgrade".
Enter 'I' for a fresh install or 'U' to upgrade an existing
installation. Enter 'A' to start an unattended installation
where all of your answers are supplied in a response file (more
on that in "Preparing an unattended installation of OpenBSD").
If you are connected with a serial console, you will next be
asked for your terminal type.
You should choose the terminal type from amongst those listed.
(If your terminal type is xterm, just use vt220).
The first question you will be asked is the system hostname.
Reply with the name of the system, without any domain part.
You will now be given an opportunity to configure the network.
The network configuration you enter (if any) can then be used to
do the install from another system using HTTP or FTP, and will
also be the configuration used by the system after the installation
is complete.
The install program will give you a list of network interfaces you
can configure. For each network interface you select to configure,
you will be asked for:
- the symbolic host name to use (except for the first
interface setup, which will reuse the host name entered at the
beginning of the installation).
- the IPv4 settings: address and netmask. If the IP address
should be obtained from a DHCP server, simply enter ``dhcp''
when asked for the address.
- the IPv6 settings (address, prefix length, and default router).
You may enter ``rtsol'' when asked for the address for the
interface to configure automatically via router solicitation
messages.
After all interfaces have been configured, if there have been
any IPv4 interfaces setup, you will be asked for the IPv4 default
route. This step is skipped if you only have one IPv4 interface
setup, and it is configured with DHCP.
The install program will also ask you for your DNS domain name,
and the domain name servers, unless this information has
already been obtained from a DHCP server during interface setup.
You will also be presented with an opportunity to do more
manual configuration. If you accept, you will be dropped
to a shell; when you are done, enter `exit' to return to
the installation program.
You will then be asked to enter the initial root password
of the system, twice.
Although the install program will only check that the two
passwords match, you should make sure to use a strong password.
As a minimum, the password should be at least eight characters
long and a mixture of both lower and uppercase letters, numbers
and punctuation characters.
You will then be asked whether you want to start sshd(8) by
default, as well as ntpd(8). If you choose to start ntpd(8),
you will be asked for your ntp server; if you don't have any
preferred ntp server, press enter to confirm the default
setting of using the pool.ntp.org servers.
You will now be given the possibility to setup a user account
on the forthcoming system. This user will be added to the
`wheel' group.
Enter the desired login name, or `n' if you do not want to
add a user account at this point. Valid login names are
sequences of digits and lowercase letters, and must start
with a lowercase letter. If the login name matches this
criteria, and doesn't conflict with any of the administrative
user accounts (such as `root', `daemon' or `ftp'), you
will be prompted with the users descriptive name, as well
as its password, twice.
As for the root password earlier, the install program will only
check that the two passwords match, but you should make sure to
use a strong password here as well.
If you have chosen to setup a user account, and you had chosen
to start sshd(8) on boot, you will be given the possibility to
disable sshd(8) logins as root.
The installation program will now tell you which disks it can
install on, and ask you which it should use.
Reply with the name of your root disk.
You will the be asked if you want to use DUID notation in
/etc/fstab, instead of traditional device names. You are strongly
advised to use DUIDs, as they allow you to move your disks to
different controllers, or change their bus identifiers, without
having to modify /etc/fstab every time your configuration changes.
Next the disk label which defines the layout of the OpenBSD
partitions must be set up. Each file system you want will
require a separate partition.
You will be proposed a default partition layout, trying
to set up separate partitions, disk size permitting.
You will be given the possibility to either accept the proposed
layout, or edit it, or create your own custom layout. These last
two choices will invoke the disklabel(8) interactive editor,
allowing you to create your desired layout.
Within the editor, you will probably start out with only the
'c' partition of fstype 'unused' that represents the whole disk.
This partition can not be modified.
You must create partition 'a' as a native OpenBSD partition, i.e.
one with "4.2BSD" as the fstype, to hold the root file system.
In addition to partition 'a' you should create partition 'b' with
fstype "swap", and native OpenBSD partitions to hold separate file
systems such as /usr, /tmp, /var, and /home.
You will need to provide a mount point for all partitions you
define. Partitions without mount points, or not of 4.2BSD fstype,
will neither be formatted nor mounted during the installation.
For quick help while in the interactive editor, enter '?'. The
`z' command (which deletes all partitions and starts with a
clean label), the `A' command (which performs the automatic
partition layout) and the `n' command (to change mount points)
are of particular interest.
Although the partitions position and size are written in exact
sector values, you do not need a calculator to create your
partitions! Human-friendly units can be specified by adding `k',
`m' or `g' after any numbers to have them converted to kilobytes,
megabytes or gigabytes. Or you may specify a percentage of the
disk size using `%' as the suffix.
Enter 'M' to view the entire manual page (see the info on the
``-E'' flag). To exit the editor enter 'q'.
After the layout has been saved, new filesystems will be
created on all partitions with mount points.
This will DESTROY ALL EXISTING DATA on those partitions.
After configuring your root disk, the installer will
return to the list of available disks to configure.
You can choose the other disks to use with OpenBSD in
any order, and will get to setup their layout similarly
to the root disk above. However, for non-root disks,
you will not be proposed a default partition layout.
When all your disks are configured, simply hit return
at the disk prompt.
After these preparatory steps have been completed, you will be
able to extract the distribution sets onto your system. There
are several install methods supported:
FTP, HTTP, CD-ROM, tape, NFS, or a local disk partition.
To install via FTP or HTTP:
To begin an FTP or HTTP install you will need the following
pieces of information:
1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based FTP or
HTTP proxy (squid, CERN FTP, Apache 1.2 or higher).
You need to define a proxy if you are behind a
firewall that blocks outgoing FTP or HTTP connections
(assuming you have a proxy available to use).
2) The IP address (or hostname if you configured
DNS servers earlier in the install) of an FTP or HTTP
server carrying the OpenBSD 5.5 distribution.
The installation program will try to fetch a list
of such servers; depending on your network settings,
this might fail. If the list could be fetched, it
will be displayed, and you can choose an entry from
the list (the first entries are expected to be the
closest mirrors to your location).
3) The directory holding the distribution sets.
The default value of pub/OpenBSD/5.5/luna88k
is almost always correct on FTP servers; for HTTP
servers there is no standard location for this.
4) For FTP installs only, the login and password for the
FTP account. You will only be asked for a password for
non-anonymous FTP.
Then refer to the section named "installation set selection"
below.
To install from CD-ROM:
When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked which
device holds the distribution sets. This will typically
be "cd0". If there is more than one partition on the
CD-ROM, you will be asked which partition the distribution
is to be loaded from. This is normally partition "a".
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the CD-ROM which holds the distribution, for
the luna88k this is "5.5/luna88k".
Then refer to the section named "installation set selection"
below.
To install from an NFS mounted directory:
When installing from an NFS-mounted directory, you must
have completed network configuration above, and also
set up the exported file system on the NFS server in
advance.
First you must identify the IP address of the NFS server
to load the distribution from, and the file system the
server expects you to mount.
The install program will also ask whether or not TCP
should be used for transport (the default is UDP). Note
that TCP only works with newer NFS servers.
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the file system where the distribution sets
are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed
with a '/'.
Then refer to the section named "installation set selection"
below.
To install from a local disk partition:
When installing from a local disk partition, you will
first have to identify which disk holds the distribution
sets.
This is normally "sdN", where N is a number.
Next you will have to identify the partition within that disk
that holds the distribution; this is a single letter between
'a' and 'p'.
You will also have to identify the type of file system
residing in the partition identified. Currently, you can
only install from partitions that have been formatted as the
Berkeley fast file system (ffs).
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the file system where the distribution sets
are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed
with a '/'.
Then refer to the next section.
Installation set selection:
A list of available distribution sets found on the
given location will be listed.
You may individually select distribution sets to install,
by entering their name, or wildcards (e.g. `*.tgz' or
`base*|comp*', or `all' to select all the sets (which
is what most users will want to do).
You may also enter `abort' to deselect everything and
restart the selection from scratch, or unselect sets
by entering their name prefixed with `-' (e.g. `-x*').
It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename and
have it treated as a file set.
When you are done selecting distribution sets, enter
`done'. The files will begin to extract.
To install from tape:
Unlike all other installation methods, there is no way
to know the names of the files on tape. Because of this,
it is impossible to check that the files on tape match
the machine architecture and release of OpenBSD/luna88k.
Moreover, since tape filenames are not known, the file
checksums can not be verified. Use this installation
method only if there is no better option.
In order to install from tape, the distribution sets to be
installed must have been written to tape previously, either
in tar format or gzip-compressed tar format.
You will also have to identify the tape device where the
distribution sets are to be extracted from. This will
typically be "nrst0" (no-rewind, raw interface).
Next you will have to specify how many files have to be
skipped on the tape. This number is usually zero, unless
you have created a bootable tape, in which case the number
will be 1.
The install program will not automatically detect whether
an image has been compressed, so it will ask for that
information before starting the extraction of each file.
After the files have been extracted, you will be given the choice
to select a new location from which to install distribution sets.
If there have been errors extracting the sets from the previous
location, or if some sets have been missing, this allows you to
select a better source.
Also, if the installation program complains that the distribution
sets you have been using do not match their recorded checksums, you
might want to check your installation source (although this can
happen between releases, if a snapshot is being updated on an FTP
or HTTP server with newer files while you are installing).
The last thing you'll need to configure is the time zone your system
will be using. For this to work properly, it is expected that you
have installed at least the "base55", "etc55",
and "bsd" distribution sets.
The installation program will then proceed to save the system
configuration, create all the device nodes needed by the installed
system, and will install bootblocks on the root disk.
Finally, you will be asked whether you would like to install
non-free firmware files (which can't be tightly integrated to
the OpenBSD system) on first boot, by invoking fw_update(8) on
the next boot.
Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 5.5. When you
reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt.
You should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root"
account with good passwords.
The install program leaves root an initial mail message. We recommend
you read it, as it contains answers to basic questions you might have
about OpenBSD, such as configuring your system, installing packages,
getting more information about OpenBSD, sending in your dmesg output
and more. To do this, run
mail
and then just enter "more 1" to get the first message. You quit mail by
entering "q".
Some of the files in the OpenBSD 5.5 distribution might need to be
tailored for your site. We recommend you run:
man afterboot
which will tell you about a bunch of the files needing to be reviewed.
If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like system administration, it's
recommended that you buy a book that discusses it.
Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System:
------------------------------------------------
Warning! Upgrades to OpenBSD 5.5 are currently only supported from the
immediately previous release. The upgrade process will also work with older
releases, but might not execute some migration tasks that would be necessary
for a proper upgrade.
The best solution, whenever possible, is to backup your data and reinstall
from scratch. As a minimum, if the toolchain (the ``comp'' set) was installed,
you should remove all files within /usr/include before attempting to
upgrade.
To upgrade OpenBSD 5.5 from a previous version, start with the general
instructions in the section "Installing OpenBSD".
Boot from bsd.rd, or the miniroot.
When prompted, select the (U)pgrade option rather than the (I)nstall
option at the prompt in the install process.
You will be presented with a welcome message and asked if you really wish
to upgrade.
The upgrade script will ask you for the existing root partition, and
will use the existing filesystems defined in /etc/fstab to install the
new system in. It will also use your existing network parameters.
From then, the upgrade procedure is very close to the installation
procedure described earlier in this document. Note that the upgrade
procedure will not let you pick neither the ``etc55.tgz'' nor the
``xetc55.tgz'' sets, so as to preserve your files in `/etc' which
you are likely to have customized since a previous installation.
However, it is strongly advised that you unpack the etc55.tgz and
xetc55.tgz sets in a temporary directory and merge changes by hand, or
with the help of the sysmerge(8) helper script, since all components of
your system may not function correctly until your files in `/etc' are
updated.
Getting source code for your OpenBSD System:
--------------------------------------------
Now that your OpenBSD system is up and running, you probably want to get
access to source code so that you can recompile pieces of the system.
A few methods are provided. If you have an OpenBSD CD-ROM, the source
code is provided. Otherwise, you can get the pieces over the Internet
using anonymous CVS, CVSync or FTP. For more information, see
http://www.OpenBSD.org/anoncvs.html
http://www.OpenBSD.org/cvsync.html
http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html
Using online OpenBSD documentation:
-----------------------------------
Documentation is available if you first install the manual pages
distribution set. Traditionally, the UN*X "man pages" (documentation)
are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are
intro(1),
man(1),
apropos(1),
passwd(1),
passwd(5) and
afterboot(8).
The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three
are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats
are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.
The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is
started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the
section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is
optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the
least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after
logging in, enter
man passwd
to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for
passwd(5), enter
man 5 passwd
instead.
If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter
apropos subject-word
where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly
related man pages will be displayed.
Adding third party software; ``packages'' and ``ports'':
--------------------------------------------------------
As complete as your OpenBSD system is, you may want to add any of several
excellent third party software applications. There are several ways to do
this. You can:
1) Use the OpenBSD ``package'' collection to grab a pre-compiled
and tested version of the application for your hardware.
2) Use the OpenBSD ``ports'' collection to automatically get any
needed source file, apply any required patches, create the
application, and install it for you.
3) Obtain the source code and build the application based
upon whatever installation procedures are provided with the
application.
If you purchased the OpenBSD CD-ROM set you already have a few popular
``packages'', and the ``ports'' collection.
Instructions for installing applications from the various sources using
the different installation methods follow.
You should also refer to the packages(7) manual page.
Installing applications from the CD-ROM package collection:
The OpenBSD CD-ROM ships with the most commonly installed third-party
applications pre-built for various hardware architectures. Limited
disk space on the CD-ROM unfortunately limits the number of such
packages. Check the directory 5.5/packages/m88k to see which
packages are available for your hardware architecture. That directory
will be on the same CD-ROM containing the OS installation files for
your architecture.
To install one or more of these packages you must:
1) become the superuser (root).
2) mount the appropriate CD-ROM.
3) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software.
Example (in which we use su(1) to get superuser privileges, thus
you have to be in group "wheel", see the manual page for su(1)).
$ su
Password: <enter your root password>
# mkdir -p /cdrom
# mount /dev/cd0a /cdrom
# pkg_add /cdrom/5.5/packages/m88k/<package-name>
# <add more packages if desired>
# umount /cdrom
Package names are usually the application name and version
with .tgz appended, e.g. bzip2-1.0.6p0.tgz
Installing applications from the ftp.OpenBSD.org package collection:
All available packages for your architecture have been placed on
ftp.OpenBSD.org in the directory pub/OpenBSD/5.5/packages/m88k/
You may want to peruse this to see what packages are available. The
packages are also on the OpenBSD FTP mirror sites. See
http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html
for a list of current FTP mirror sites.
Installation of a package is very easy.
1) become the superuser (root)
2) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software
``pkg_add'' is smart enough to know how to download the software
from the OpenBSD FTP server. Example:
$ su
Password: <enter your root password>
# pkg_add \
ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/5.5/packages/m88k/emacs-21.4p23.tgz
Installing applications from the CD-ROM ports collection:
The CD-ROM ``ports'' collection is a set of Makefiles, patches,
and other files used to control the building and installation
of an application from source files.
Creating an application from sources can require a lot of
disk space, sometimes 50 megabytes or more. The first step is
to determine which of your disks has enough room. Once you've
made this determination, read the file PORTS located on the
CD-ROM which contains the ports tree.
To build an application you must:
1) become the superuser (root)
2) have network access, or obtain the actual source files by
some other means.
3) cd to the ports directory containing the port you wish
to build. To build samba, for example, where you'd
previously copied the ports files into the /usr/ports
directory: cd /usr/ports/net/samba
4) make
5) make install
6) make clean
Installing applications from the OpenBSD ports collection:
See http://www.OpenBSD.org/faq/ports/ports.html for current
instructions on obtaining and installing OpenBSD ports.
You should also refer to the ports(7) manual page.
Installing other applications:
If an OpenBSD package or port does not exist for an application
you're pretty much on your own. The first thing to do is ask
<ports@OpenBSD.org> if anyone is working on a port -- there may
be one in progress. If no such port exists, you might want to
look at the FreeBSD ports or NetBSD pkgsrc for inspiration.
If you can't find an existing port, try to make your own and
feed it back to OpenBSD. That's how our ports collection grows.
Some details can be found in the OpenBSD Porter's Handbook at
http://www.openbsd.org/faq/ports/
with more help coming from the mailing list, <ports@OpenBSD.org>.
Administrivia:
--------------
There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list
server at <majordomo@OpenBSD.org>. To get help on using the mailing
list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will
reply with instructions.
More information about the various OpenBSD mailing list and proper
netiquette is available at
http://www.OpenBSD.org/mail.html
To report bugs, use the 'sendbug' command shipped with OpenBSD,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good
bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can
be sent by mail to:
bugs@OpenBSD.org
As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to the
mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent on
a web server, then mail the appropriate list about it, or if
you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data
to those who want it.
For more information about reporting bugs, see
http://www.OpenBSD.org/report.html